Notes

  1. This report has been prepared on behalf of the Secretary-General by the United Nations Environment Programme with the assistance of the International Centre for Antarctic Information and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand, under the UNEP Global Resource Information Database programme.

  2. Fox, A. J. and A. P. R. Cooper. "Measured properties of the Antarctic ice sheet derived from the SCAR Antarctic digital database", Polar Record, vol. 30, No. 174 (1994), p. 204.

  3. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. The role of Antarctica in global change: scientific priorities for the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) (Cambridge, SCAR, 1989), p. 5.

  4. Harris, C. M. and B. Stonehouse, eds. Antarctica and global climatic change (London, Belhaven Press, 1991).

  5. Drewry, D. J., R. M. Laws and J. A. Pyle. Antarctica and Environmental Change (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993).

  6. Weller, G. "Antarctica and the detection of environmental change", in Antarctica and Environmental Change. Drewry, D. J., R. M. Laws and J. A. Pyle, eds. (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993), p. 1.

  7. Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (full text published by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, 1993).

  8. Report submitted to the XX Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) by the Depository Government for the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (United Kingdom). Working Paper 7, XX ATCM; Utrecht, the Netherlands, 29 April-10 May 1996.

  9. Report submitted to the XX ATCM by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. Information Paper 103, XX ATCM, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 29 April-10 May 1996.

  10. The information in this and the following section is summarized from Information Papers 69, 71 and 72 submitted by SCAR to the XX ATCM, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 29 April-10 May 1996.

  11. Strömberg, J. O. and others. State of the Marine Environment in Antarctica. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 129 (Nairobi, UNEP, 1990).

  12. Kelleher, G., C. Bleakley and S. Wells. A global representative system of marine protected areas: volume 1 (Washington D.C., Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, The World Bank and the World Conservation Union, 1995).

  13. Lewis Smith, R., D. Walton, and P. Dingwall. Developing the Antarctic protected area system. Conservation of the Southern Polar Regions 1. Proceedings of the SCAR/IUCN Workshop on Antarctic Protected Areas, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 29 June-2 July 1992 (Gland, IUCN, 1994).

  14. Dingwall, P. Progress in conservation of the Subantarctic islands. Conservation of the Southern Polar Regions 2. Proceedings of the SCAR/IUCN Workshop on Protection, Research and Management of Subantarctic Islands, Paimpont, France, 27-29 April 1992 (Gland, IUCN, 1995).

  15. Dingwall, P. and D. Walton. Opportunities for Antarctic environmental education and training. Conservation of the Southern Polar Regions 3. Proceedings of the SCAR/IUCN Workshop on Environmental Education and Training, Gorizia, Italy, 26-29 April 1993 (Gland, IUCN, 1996).

  16. Draft report of SCAR and COMNAP on the Workshops on Environmental Monitoring in Antarctica, Oslo, 17-20 October 1995, and College Station, Texas, 25-29 March 1996, p. 3.

  17. Ibid.

  18. Ibid

  19. Antarctic Treaty Parties. Annual Exchange of Information documents, by country of origin: various dates.

  20. Beltramino, J. C. M., 1993. The Structure and Dynamics of Antarctic Population (New York, Vantage Press, 1993), p. 55.

  21. Adapted from Enzenbacher, D. J. "Tourists in Antarctica: numbers and trends", Polar Record, vol. 28, No. 164 (1993).

  22. Enzenbacher, D. J. "Antarctic tourism: an overview of 1992/93 season activity, recent developments, and emerging issues", Polar Record, vol. 30, No. 173 (1994).

  23. Ibid.

  24. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Recent developments in Antarctic tourism. Information Paper 13, XIX ATCM; Seoul, 8-19 May 1995.

  25. Enzenbacher, op. cit. (1993), pp. 18-19.

  26. Australia. 1995-1996 Australian tourist overflights of Antarctica. Information Paper 34, XX ATCM; Utrecht, the Netherlands, 29 April-10 May 1996, p. 5.

  27. United Kingdom, op. cit. (1995), p. 3.

  28. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Preliminary overview of Antarctic tourism. Information Paper 96, XX ATCM, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 29 April-10 May 1996, p. 1.

  29. Enzenbacher, op. cit. (1993), p. 19.

  30. United Kingdom, op. cit. (1995), p. 1.

  31. IAATO, op. cit. (1996), p. 1.

  32. National Science Foundation. Reported at the Seventh Antarctic Tour Operators Meeting, Washington D.C., July 1995.

  33. Ucha, S. B. and A. M. Barrio. Report on Antarctic tourism numbers through the Port of Ushuaia 1996-96 (Ushuaia, Argentina, Instituto Fueguino de Turismo, 1996).

  34. Vincent, W. F., ed. Environmental management of a cold desert ecosystem: the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Report of a National Science Foundation Workshop, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 14-17 March 1995 (Reno, Nevada, Desert Research Institute, 1996).

  35. Enzenbacher, D. J. "Tourism at Faraday Station: an Antarctic case study", Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 21, No. 2 (1994).

  36. Ucha and Barrio, op. cit. (1996).

  37. Australia, op. cit. (1996).

  38. Kock, K-H. "Fishing and conservation in southern waters", Polar Record, vol. 30, No. 172 (1994).

  39. CCAMLR. Conservation measures in force 1995/6. (Hobart, CCAMLR, 1996a).

  40. Adapted from Kock, op. cit. (1994).

  41. Ibid.

  42. CCAMLR. Statistical Bulletin 1996 (1986-1995) (Hobart, CCAMLR, 1996b).

  43. Ibid. Newsletter 1996 (Hobart, CCAMLR, 1996c).

  44. Ibid.

  45. Ibid. Newsletter No. 15 (November 1993), p. 1.

  46. Ashford, J. R. and J. P. Croxall. "Seabird interactions with longlining operations for Dissostichus eleginoides at the South Sandwich Islands and South Georgia", CCAMLR Science, vol. 1 (1994).

  47. Ibid. "Seabird interactions with longlining operations for Dissostichus eleginoides around South Georgia, April to May 1994", CCAMLR Science, vol. 2 (1995).

  48. Dalziell, J. and M. de Poorter. "Seabird mortality in longline fisheries around South Georgia", Polar Record, vol. 29, No. 169 (1993).

  49. CCAMLR. CCAMLR Newsletter No. 17 (December 1995), p. 2.

  50. Ibid., op. cit. (1996c).

  51. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources: fourteenth meeting; Hobart, May, 1996. Report of the New Zealand delegation (Wellington, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 1995), p. 13.

  52. CCAMLR, op. cit (1996a).

  53. Kock, op. cit. (1994).

  54. Jones, J. B. in Kock, op. cit. (1994).

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  62. Ibid. "Environmental monitoring in Antarctica: atmospheric pollution". Unpublished paper presented at Workshop 1 (see note 60 above).

  63. Cripps and Priddle, op. cit. (1991).

  64. Strömberg and others, op. cit. (1990).

  65. Wolff, op cit. (1992).

  66. Ibid., p. 276.

  67. Strömberg and others, op. cit. (1990), p. 19.

  68. Wolff, op cit. (1992).

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  86. Ibid. Antarctic Ozone Bulletin 10/95, 6 Dec. 1995 (Geneva, WMO, 1995).

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  88. Ibid., p. 254.

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